See -ul on Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "az-inf-p",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ıl",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-il",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ül",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ın",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-un",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ün",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-n",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Azerbaijani entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "yormaq (“to tire out”) + -ul → yorulmaq (“to get tired”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tutmaq (“to catch”) + -ul → tutulmaq (“to get caught”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-il after the vowels O"
},
{
"word": "U and a consonant other than L"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L."
],
"id": "en--ul-az-suffix-VMQ715dK",
"links": [
[
"-il",
"-il#Azerbaijani"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[uɫ]"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "verb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "42 11 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 8 45 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 4 48 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "csoportos (“collective”) + -ul → csoportosul (“to form a group”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "azonos (“identical”) + -ul → azonosul (“to identify; to associate oneself with some group”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "von (“to pull”) + -ul → vonul (“to go along, to stalk, to march”, literally “to pull oneself”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "alak (“shape”) + -ul → alakul (“to take shape”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a word to form an intransitive verb with a middle-voice meaning."
],
"id": "en--ul-hu-suffix-hu:verb",
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"middle-voice",
"middle voice#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "verb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(verb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an intransitive verb with a middle-voice meaning."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:verb"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ul]"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ül",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "case suffix",
"tags": [
"essive-modal"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "essive-modal case suffix",
"cat2": "case suffixes",
"head": "-ul/-ül"
},
"expansion": "-ul/-ül (essive-modal case suffix)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "42 11 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ajándék (“gift, present”) + -ul → ajándékul (“as a gift”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "példa (“example”) + -ul → például (“for example; as an example”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"as, with the intention of"
],
"id": "en--ul-hu-suffix-hu:essive",
"links": [
[
"as",
"as"
],
[
"intention",
"intention"
]
],
"qualifier": "essive sense",
"raw_glosses": [
"(essive sense) as, with the intention of"
],
"senseid": [
"hu:essive"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ként"
},
{
"word": "-képp/-képpen"
},
{
"english": "stating the capacity",
"translation": "stating the capacity",
"word": "mint"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "38 7 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 11 57",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 11 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 8 45 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 4 48 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "rossz (“bad”) + -ul → rosszul (“badly”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "angol (“English”) + -ul → angolul (“in English”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to an adjective to form an adverb."
],
"id": "en--ul-hu-suffix-hu:modal",
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "modal sense; adverb-forming suffix; modal sense; adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(modal sense, adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:modal"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ul]"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "agentive suffix",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -el (“agentive suffix”)"
],
"id": "en--ul-enm-suffix-~e655VX3",
"links": [
[
"-el",
"-el#Middle_English:_agentive"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "-ul"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-el"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -el"
],
"id": "en--ul-ang-suffix-UgqSINj7",
"links": [
[
"-el",
"-el#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-ol"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -ol"
],
"id": "en--ul-ang-suffix-K05PX6lg",
"links": [
[
"-ol",
"-ol#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ul/"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la-vul",
"3": "",
"4": "*illu"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *illu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "illum"
},
"expansion": "Latin illum",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "ille"
},
"expansion": "Latin ille",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "-lu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian -lu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "el"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of el",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Identical to -l, from older *-lu, either from a clipping of Vulgar Latin *illu, or from Latin illum, accusative of Latin ille. Compare Aromanian -lu. Doublet of el.\nUnlike Western Romance languages, the suffix came to be appended at the end of the respective noun as part of influence from nearby languages, a characteristic of the Balkan Sprachbund. The suffix then underwent aphaeresis and was subsequently degeminated.\nIn older Romanian (still dialectally attested, found in place names, in the word unu (“one”) and in Aromanian), masculine and neuter nouns ended in -u, a remnant of Latin -us/-um; for example foc, which used to be *focu. As such, the definite form of *focu was *foculu. Even though -ul is technically a variant of -l after nouns that used to end in -u, the tendency to drop word-final -u in the indefinite forms—which underwent reduction and was then dropped since it served no grammatical value (unlike the palatalization of modern Romanian, both possibly under influence from nearby Slavic languages; cf. Havlík's Law)—led to the rebracketing of the suffix, thus making it the new definite article suffix for the now consonant-final nouns. As a result, the definite form *foculu became the modern Romanian focul, making the -u- a vestige of the then-abundant -u suffix inherited from Latin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-l",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m",
"g2": "n"
},
"expansion": "-ul m or n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-l"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "the (definite article)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"variant of -l"
],
"id": "en--ul-ro-suffix-zgdo9iFI",
"links": [
[
"-l",
"-l#Romanian"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-i"
},
{
"word": "-l"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-ului"
},
{
"word": "-a"
},
{
"word": "-ua"
}
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ul/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u/",
"tags": [
"informal"
]
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-inf-p",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ıl",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-il",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ül",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ın",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-un",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ün",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-n",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "yormak (“to tire out”) + -ul → yorulmak (“to get tired”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tutmak (“to hold”) + -ul → tutulmak (“to be held”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-il after the vowels O"
},
{
"word": "U and a consonant other than L"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L."
],
"id": "en--ul-tr-suffix-VMQ715dK",
"links": [
[
"-il",
"-il#Turkish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[uɫ]"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ulaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ulaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulanā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ul",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or proneness to do the verb."
],
"id": "en--ul-gmw-pro-suffix-v~b3wodA",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "az-inf-p",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ıl",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-il",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ül",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ın",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-un",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ün",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-n",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Azerbaijani entries with incorrect language header",
"Azerbaijani non-lemma forms",
"Azerbaijani suffix forms",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "yormaq (“to tire out”) + -ul → yorulmaq (“to get tired”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tutmaq (“to catch”) + -ul → tutulmaq (“to get caught”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-il after the vowels O"
},
{
"word": "U and a consonant other than L"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L."
],
"links": [
[
"-il",
"-il#Azerbaijani"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[uɫ]"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian case suffixes",
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian links with redundant alt parameters",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Hungarian verb-forming suffixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "verb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "csoportos (“collective”) + -ul → csoportosul (“to form a group”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "azonos (“identical”) + -ul → azonosul (“to identify; to associate oneself with some group”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "von (“to pull”) + -ul → vonul (“to go along, to stalk, to march”, literally “to pull oneself”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "alak (“shape”) + -ul → alakul (“to take shape”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a word to form an intransitive verb with a middle-voice meaning."
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"middle-voice",
"middle voice#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "verb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(verb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an intransitive verb with a middle-voice meaning."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:verb"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ul]"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian case suffixes",
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian links with redundant alt parameters",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ül",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "case suffix",
"tags": [
"essive-modal"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "essive-modal case suffix",
"cat2": "case suffixes",
"head": "-ul/-ül"
},
"expansion": "-ul/-ül (essive-modal case suffix)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ajándék (“gift, present”) + -ul → ajándékul (“as a gift”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "példa (“example”) + -ul → például (“for example; as an example”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"as, with the intention of"
],
"links": [
[
"as",
"as"
],
[
"intention",
"intention"
]
],
"qualifier": "essive sense",
"raw_glosses": [
"(essive sense) as, with the intention of"
],
"senseid": [
"hu:essive"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ként"
},
{
"word": "-képp/-képpen"
},
{
"english": "stating the capacity",
"translation": "stating the capacity",
"word": "mint"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "rossz (“bad”) + -ul → rosszul (“badly”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "angol (“English”) + -ul → angolul (“in English”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to an adjective to form an adverb."
],
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "modal sense; adverb-forming suffix; modal sense; adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(modal sense, adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:modal"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ul]"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "agentive suffix",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -el (“agentive suffix”)"
],
"links": [
[
"-el",
"-el#Middle_English:_agentive"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "-ul"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-el"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -el"
],
"links": [
[
"-el",
"-el#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-ol"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -ol"
],
"links": [
[
"-ol",
"-ol#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ul/"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ulaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ulaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulanā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-uleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ulum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ul",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic a-stem adjectives",
"Proto-West Germanic adjective-forming suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or proneness to do the verb."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la-vul",
"3": "",
"4": "*illu"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *illu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "illum"
},
"expansion": "Latin illum",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "ille"
},
"expansion": "Latin ille",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "-lu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian -lu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "el"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of el",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Identical to -l, from older *-lu, either from a clipping of Vulgar Latin *illu, or from Latin illum, accusative of Latin ille. Compare Aromanian -lu. Doublet of el.\nUnlike Western Romance languages, the suffix came to be appended at the end of the respective noun as part of influence from nearby languages, a characteristic of the Balkan Sprachbund. The suffix then underwent aphaeresis and was subsequently degeminated.\nIn older Romanian (still dialectally attested, found in place names, in the word unu (“one”) and in Aromanian), masculine and neuter nouns ended in -u, a remnant of Latin -us/-um; for example foc, which used to be *focu. As such, the definite form of *focu was *foculu. Even though -ul is technically a variant of -l after nouns that used to end in -u, the tendency to drop word-final -u in the indefinite forms—which underwent reduction and was then dropped since it served no grammatical value (unlike the palatalization of modern Romanian, both possibly under influence from nearby Slavic languages; cf. Havlík's Law)—led to the rebracketing of the suffix, thus making it the new definite article suffix for the now consonant-final nouns. As a result, the definite form *foculu became the modern Romanian focul, making the -u- a vestige of the then-abundant -u suffix inherited from Latin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-l",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m",
"g2": "n"
},
"expansion": "-ul m or n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-i"
},
{
"word": "-l"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-ului"
},
{
"word": "-a"
},
{
"word": "-ua"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-l"
}
],
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian doublets",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian masculine suffixes",
"Romanian neuter suffixes",
"Romanian suffixes",
"Romanian suffixes with multiple genders",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"Romanian terms inherited from Latin",
"Romanian terms inherited from Vulgar Latin"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "the (definite article)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"variant of -l"
],
"links": [
[
"-l",
"-l#Romanian"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ul/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u/",
"tags": [
"informal"
]
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-inf-p",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ıl",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-il",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ül",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-consonant-except-l",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ın",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-un",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-ün",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-l-consonant",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-n",
"source": "Floating Div",
"tags": [
"after-vowel"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish non-lemma forms",
"Turkish suffix forms"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "yormak (“to tire out”) + -ul → yorulmak (“to get tired”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tutmak (“to hold”) + -ul → tutulmak (“to be held”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-il after the vowels O"
},
{
"word": "U and a consonant other than L"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L."
],
"links": [
[
"-il",
"-il#Turkish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[uɫ]"
}
],
"word": "-ul"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ul meaning in All languages combined (15.6kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'a / i'",
"path": [
"-ul"
],
"section": "Azerbaijani",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'e / ə / i̇'",
"path": [
"-ul"
],
"section": "Azerbaijani",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'o / u'",
"path": [
"-ul"
],
"section": "Azerbaijani",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'ö / ü'",
"path": [
"-ul"
],
"section": "Azerbaijani",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'a / i'",
"path": [
"-ul"
],
"section": "Turkish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'e / i̇'",
"path": [
"-ul"
],
"section": "Turkish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'o / u'",
"path": [
"-ul"
],
"section": "Turkish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'ö / ü'",
"path": [
"-ul"
],
"section": "Turkish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ul",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.